CW-complex, Hausdorff space, second-countable space, sober space
connected space, locally connected space, contractible space, locally contractible space
The notion of topological space aims to axiomatize the idea of a space as a collection of points that hang together (“cohere”) in a continuous way.
The proverbial motivating example is the surface of a torus and that of a mug: these are isomorphic as topological spaces, because, abstractly, the surface of the mug can be deformed continuously to become the standard torus: the continuous cohesion among the collections of points of the two surfaces is the same.
There is a slight generalization of the notion of topological space to that of a locale, which consists of dropping the assumption that all neighbourhoods are explicitly or even necessarily supported by points. In this form the definition is quite fundamental and can be naturally motivated from just pure logic – as the formal dual of frames – as well as, and dually, from category theory in its variant as topos theory – by the notion of (0,1)-toposes.
Topological spaces are the objects studied in topology. By equipping them with a notion of weak equivalence, namely of weak homotopy equivalence, they turn out to support also homotopy theory.
Topological spaces equipped with extra property and structure form the fundament of much of geometry. For instance a topological space locally isomorphic to a Cartesian space is a manifold. A topological space equipped with a notion of smooth functions into it is a diffeological space. The intersection of these two notions is that of a smooth manifold on which differential geometry is based. And so on.
We present first the
and then a list of different
Finally we mention genuine
A topological space is a set equipped with a set of subsets , called the open sets, which are closed under
The word ‘topology’ sometimes means the study of topological spaces but here it means the collection of open sets in a topological space. In particular, if someone says ‘Let be a topology on ’, then they mean ‘Let be equipped with the structure of a topological space, and let be the collection of open sets in this space’.
Since itself is the intersection of zero subsets, it is open, and since the empty set is the union of zero subsets, it is also open. Moreover, every open subset of contains the empty set and is contained in
so that the topology of is determined by a poset of open subsets with bottom element and top element .
Since by definition the elements in this poset are closed under finite meets (intersection) and arbitrary joins (unions), this poset of open subsets defining a topology is a frame, the frame of opens of .
A homomorphisms between topological spaces is a continuous function:
a function of the underlying sets such that the preimage of every open set of is an open set of .
Topological spaces with continuous maps between them form a category, usually denoted Top.
The definition of continuous function is such that it induces a homomorphism of the corresponding frames of opens the other way around
And this is not just a morphism of posets but even of frames. For more on this see at locale.
There are many equivalent ways to define a topological space. A non-exhaustive list follows:
A set with a frame of open sets (as above).
A set with a co-frame of closed sets (the complements of the open sets) satisfying dual axioms.
A set with any collection of subsets whatsoever, to be thought of as a subbase for a topology.
A pair , where is a left exact comonad on the power set of (the “interior operator”). The open sets are exactly the fixed points of .
A pair where is a right exact Moore closure operator satisfying axioms dual to those of . The closed sets are the fixed points of .
A relational β-module; that is, a lax algebra? of the monad of ultrafilters on the (1,2)-category Rel of sets and binary relations. More explicitly, this means a set together with a relation called “convergence” between ultrafilters and points satisfying certain axioms. This exhibits it as a special sort of generalized multicategory, and also as a special sort of pseudotopological space.
A set with a convergence relation between nets or filters (not just ultrafilters) and points, or even between transfinite sequences and points, satisfying appropriate axioms.
The definition of topological space was a matter of some debate, especially about 100 years ago. Our definition is due to Bourbaki, so may be called Bourbaki spaces.
For some purposes, including homotopy theory, it is important to use nice topological spaces (such as sequential topological spaces) and/or a nice category of spaces (such as compactly generated spaces), or indeed to directly use a model of -groupoids (such as simplicial sets).
On the other hand, when doing topos theory or working in constructive mathematics, it is often more appropriate to use locales than topological spaces.
Some applications to analysis require more general convergence spaces or other generalisations.
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The Cartesian space with its standard notion of open subsets generated from: unions of open balls .
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first countable topological space, second countable topological space, separable topological space, Hausdorff topological space, topological manifold
See at topology.