Contents

Idea

A space is connected if it can't be split up into two independent parts. Every space is a disjoint union (but not necessarily a coproduct in the category of spaces) of connected components. One often studies topological ideas first for connected spaces and then generalises to general spaces; this is especially true if one is studying such nice topological spaces that every space is a coproduct of connected components.

Definitions

Speaking category-theoretically a topological space $X$ is connected if the representable functor

preserves coproducts. It's actually enough to require that it preserves binary coproducts; in that case, notice that we always have a map

so $X$ is connected if this is always a bijection. This definition generalises to the notion of connected object in an extensive category.

Here are some equivalent ways to say that $X$ is connected in more elementary terms:

• Whenever $X\cong Y+Z$, where the right side is the coproduct of spaces $Y,Z$ (so that $Y,Z$ are identified with disjoint open subspaces of $X$), then exactly one of $Y,Z$ is inhabited (so the other is empty, making the inhabited one homeomorphic to $X$).
• If $K\subseteq X$ is clopen (both closed and open), then $K=X$ if and only if $K$ is inhabited.

Many authors allow the empty space to be connected. You can get this concept from the elementary definitions above by changing ‘exactly one’ to ‘at most one’ and changing ‘if and only if’ to ‘if’. Categorially, this version of connectedness requires only that the maps

be surjections. However, many results come out more cleanly by disqualifying the empty space (much as one disqualifies $1$ when one defines the notion of prime number). See also the discussion at empty space and too simple to be simple.

The elementary definitions above have been carefully phrased to be correct in constructive mathematics. One may also see classically equivalent forms that are constructively weaker.

Basic results

1. The image of a connected space $X$ under a continuous map $f:X\to Y$ is connected.

2. Wide pushouts of connected spaces are connected. (This would of course be false if the empty space were considered to be connected.) This follows from the hom-functor definition of connectedness, plus the fact that coproducts in $\mathrm{Top}$ commute with wide pullbacks. More memorably: connected colimits of connected spaces are connected.

3. An arbitrary product of connected spaces is connected.

4. The interval $[0,1]$, as a subspace of $ℝ$, is connected. (This is the topological underpinning of the intermediate value theorem.)

5. If $S\subseteq X$ is a connected subspace and $S\subseteq T\subseteq \overline{S}$ (i.e. if $T$ is between $S$ and its closure), then $T$ is connected.

Connected components

Every topological space $X$ admits an equivalence relation $\sim$ where $x\sim y$ means that $x$ and $y$ belong to some subspace which is connected. The equivalence class $\mathrm{Conn}(x)$ of an element $x$ is thus the union of all connected subspaces containing $x$; it follows readily from the basic results above that $\mathrm{Conn}(x)$ is itself connected. It is called the connected component of $x$. It is closed, by one of the basic results above. A space is connected if and only if it has exactly one connected component (or at most one, if you allow the empty space to be connected).

There is another equivalence relation ${\sim }_q$ where $x{\sim }_{q}y$ if $f(x)=f(y)$ for every continuous $f:X\to D$ mapping to a discrete space $D$. The equivalence class of $x$ may be alternatively described as the intersection of all clopens that contain $x$. This is called the quasi-component of $x$, denoted here as $\mathrm{QConn}(x)$. It is easy to prove that

and that equality holds if $X$ is compact Hausdorff or is locally connected (see below), but also in other circumstances (such as the space of rational numbers as a topological subspace of the real line).

For an example where $\mathrm{Conn}(x)\ne \mathrm{QConn}(x)$, take $X$ to be the following subspace of $[0,1]\times [0,1]$:

In this example, $\mathrm{Conn}((0,0))=\{(0,0)\}$, but $\mathrm{QConn}((0,0))=\{(0,0),(0,1)\}$.

Locally connected space

Indeed, a space is the coproduct of its connected components precisely when it is locally connected (meaning that every point has a connected neighborhood). This occurs for example if there are only finitely many connected components (because then each connected component will be both closed and open).

For more on this see locally connected topos.

A space $X$ is totally disconnected if its connected components are precisely the singletons of $X$.

Path-connectedness

An important variation on the theme of connectedness is path-connectedness. If $X$ is a space, define the path component $[x]$ to be the subspace of all $y\in X$ for which there exists a continuous map $h:[0,1]\to X$ where $h(0)=x$, $h(1)=y$.

In a nice category of spaces, the set ${\pi }_0(X)$ of path components (the 0th “homotopy group”) may be equivalently defined to be the coequalizer in

We say $X$ is path-connected if it has exactly one path component.

It follows easily from the basic results above that each path component $[x]$ is connected. However, it need not be closed (and therefore need not be the connected component of $x$). The topologist’s sine curve

provides a classic example of this happenstance. However, the path components and connected components coincide if $X$ is locally path-connected (meaning each point has an open neighborhood which is path-connected).

The basic categorical results 1., 2., and 3. above carry over upon replacing “connected” by “path-connected”. (As of course does 4., trivially.)

As a contrast to a path-connected space, a totally path-disconnected space is a space such that its set of path components is equal to the underlying set of the space. Equivalently, that there are no non-constant paths. This by far does not mean that the space is discrete!