nLab cartesian logic

Contents

Context

Type theory

natural deduction metalanguage, practical foundations

  1. type formation rule
  2. term introduction rule
  3. term elimination rule
  4. computation rule

type theory (dependent, intensional, observational type theory, homotopy type theory)

syntax object language

computational trinitarianism =
propositions as types +programs as proofs +relation type theory/category theory

logicset theory (internal logic of)category theorytype theory
propositionsetobjecttype
predicatefamily of setsdisplay morphismdependent type
proofelementgeneralized elementterm/program
cut rulecomposition of classifying morphisms / pullback of display mapssubstitution
introduction rule for implicationcounit for hom-tensor adjunctionlambda
elimination rule for implicationunit for hom-tensor adjunctionapplication
cut elimination for implicationone of the zigzag identities for hom-tensor adjunctionbeta reduction
identity elimination for implicationthe other zigzag identity for hom-tensor adjunctioneta conversion
truesingletonterminal object/(-2)-truncated objecth-level 0-type/unit type
falseempty setinitial objectempty type
proposition, truth valuesubsingletonsubterminal object/(-1)-truncated objecth-proposition, mere proposition
logical conjunctioncartesian productproductproduct type
disjunctiondisjoint union (support of)coproduct ((-1)-truncation of)sum type (bracket type of)
implicationfunction set (into subsingleton)internal hom (into subterminal object)function type (into h-proposition)
negationfunction set into empty setinternal hom into initial objectfunction type into empty type
universal quantificationindexed cartesian product (of family of subsingletons)dependent product (of family of subterminal objects)dependent product type (of family of h-propositions)
existential quantificationindexed disjoint union (support of)dependent sum ((-1)-truncation of)dependent sum type (bracket type of)
logical equivalencebijection setobject of isomorphismsequivalence type
support setsupport object/(-1)-truncationpropositional truncation/bracket type
n-image of morphism into terminal object/n-truncationn-truncation modality
equalitydiagonal function/diagonal subset/diagonal relationpath space objectidentity type/path type
completely presented setsetdiscrete object/0-truncated objecth-level 2-type/set/h-set
setset with equivalence relationinternal 0-groupoidBishop set/setoid with its pseudo-equivalence relation an actual equivalence relation
equivalence class/quotient setquotientquotient type
inductioncolimitinductive type, W-type, M-type
higher inductionhigher colimithigher inductive type
-0-truncated higher colimitquotient inductive type
coinductionlimitcoinductive type
presettype without identity types
set of truth valuessubobject classifiertype of propositions
domain of discourseuniverseobject classifiertype universe
modalityclosure operator, (idempotent) monadmodal type theory, monad (in computer science)
linear logic(symmetric, closed) monoidal categorylinear type theory/quantum computation
proof netstring diagramquantum circuit
(absence of) contraction rule(absence of) diagonalno-cloning theorem
synthetic mathematicsdomain specific embedded programming language

homotopy levels

semantics

Contents

Idea

Cartesian logic or finite limit logic is the internal logic of finitely complete categories (which the Elephant calls cartesian categories).

An important property is that every cartesian theory has an initial model. It follows that model reduct functors between cartesian theories have left adjoints: broadly, the free algebra constructions supplied by universal algebra for algebraic theories are also available for cartesian theories.

Definition

Various definitions and names for the logic can be found in the references. The Elephant definition amounts to saying that a cartesian theory is a first-order theory in which the only connectives used are ==, \top, \wedge and existential quantifiers over provably subterminal formulae, that is, x:A.ϕ\exists x:A. \phi can only be used if

ϕ(x),ϕ(y)x=y\phi(x),\phi(y) \vdash x = y

is provable. Unlike other first-order theories, this side-condition makes the order of presentation of axioms matter, as an axiom might require another in order to prove that a formula involved is subterminal.

Palmgren and Vickers showed that in a geometric logic of partial terms (with a non-reflexive equality), the cartesian theories are precisely those that can be presented using only \wedge, \top and ==.

Semantics in Categories with Finite Limits

Cartesian logic can be given models interpreting formulae as subobjects in a category with finite limits. See internal logic for more details. The most interesting component of this is the existential quantifiers. As with regular logic, the existential quantifier is interpreted as an image factorization, but the subterminality side condition ensures the image exists even in an arbitrary category with finite limits. A formula ϕ(x)\phi(x) with x:Ax:A in a context Γ\Gamma is interpreted as a subobject ϕΓ×A\phi \to \Gamma \times A, and the subterminality side condition is satisfied in the internal logic if and only if the first projection Γ×AΓ\Gamma \times A \to \Gamma is mono, in which case the composition ϕΓ×AΓ\phi \to \Gamma \times A \to \Gamma is already the inclusion into its image.

categoryfunctorinternal logictheoryhyperdoctrinesubobject posetcoverageclassifying topos
finitely complete categorycartesian functorcartesian logicessentially algebraic theory
lextensive categorydisjunctive logic
regular categoryregular functorregular logicregular theoryregular hyperdoctrineinfimum-semilatticeregular coverageregular topos
coherent categorycoherent functorcoherent logiccoherent theorycoherent hyperdoctrinedistributive latticecoherent coveragecoherent topos
geometric categorygeometric functorgeometric logicgeometric theorygeometric hyperdoctrineframegeometric coverageGrothendieck topos
Heyting categoryHeyting functorintuitionistic first-order logicintuitionistic first-order theoryfirst-order hyperdoctrineHeyting algebra
De Morgan Heyting categoryintuitionistic first-order logic with weak excluded middleDe Morgan Heyting algebra
Boolean categoryclassical first-order logicclassical first-order theoryBoolean hyperdoctrineBoolean algebra
star-autonomous categorymultiplicative classical linear logic
symmetric monoidal closed categorymultiplicative intuitionistic linear logic
cartesian monoidal categoryfragment {&,}\{\&, \top\} of linear logic
cocartesian monoidal categoryfragment {,0}\{\oplus, 0\} of linear logic
cartesian closed categorysimply typed lambda calculus

References

Cartesian logic was introduced in the early seventies by John Isbell, Peter Freyd and Michel Coste (cf. Johnstone 1979). A standard source is Johnstone (2002). Palmgren and Vickers gave a new proof of the initial model theorem, valid in weak foundational settings.

Last revised on July 3, 2023 at 19:02:33. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.