A geometric morphism is called atomic if its inverse image is a logical functor.
A sheaf topos is called atomic if its global section geometric morphism is atomic.
Generally, a topos over a base topos is called an atomic topos if is atomic.
As shown in prop. 2 below, every atomic morphism is also a locally connected geometric morphism. The connected objects are called the atoms of .
See (Johnstone, p. 689).
Atomic morphisms are closed under composition.
An atomic geometric morphism is also a locally connected geometric morphism.
By this proposition a logical morphism with a right adjoint has also a left adjoint.
If an atomic morphism is also a connected, then it is even hyperconnected.
This appears as (Johnstone, lemma 3.5.4).
Let be a Grothendieck topos with enough points. Then is a Boolean topos precisely if it is an atomic topos.
This appears as (Johnstone, cor. 3.5.2).
If logical then it preserves the isomorphism characterizing a Boolean topos and hence is Boolean if it is atomic.
For the converse…
A localic geometric morphism is atomic precisely if it is an etale geometric morphism.
This appears as (Johnstone, lemma 3.5.4 (iii)).
Every etale geometric morphism is atomic.
Section C3.5 of