nLab Cartan connection

Contents

Context

\infty-Chern-Weil theory

Differential cohomology

Contents

Idea

A Cartan connection is a principal connection on a smooth manifold equipped with a certain compatibility condition with the tangent bundle of the manifold. It combines the concept of G-structure with that of soldering form. This combination allows us to express various types of geometric structures on XX – such as notably (pseudo-)Riemannian geometry, conformal geometry and many more (see below) – in terms of connection data, i.e. in terms of nonabelian differential cohomology-data. In particular the first order formulation of gravity in terms of Cartan connections has been one of the historical motivations (Cartan 23).

In a little bit more detail, a Cartan connection on a manifold XX for a given subgroup inclusion HGH \hookrightarrow G is data that identifies all the tangent spaces T xXT_x X of XX with the tangent space 𝔤/𝔥=T eH(G/H)\mathfrak{g}/\mathfrak{h} = T_{e H} (G/H) of the coset space Klein geometry G/HG/H, such that the choice of these identifications is transported along compatibly.

Therefore a manifold equipped with a Cartan connection is also called a Cartan geometry (see also there), a generalization (globalization) of the concept of Klein geometry.

In yet a little bit more detail, an (HG)(H \hookrightarrow G)-Cartan connection on XX is a GG-principal connection on XX equipped with a reduction of its structure group along HGH \to G and such that the connection 1-form linearly identifies each tangent space T xXT_x X of XX with the tangent space 𝔤/𝔥=T eH(G/H)\mathfrak{g}/\mathfrak{h} = T_{e H} (G/H) of the coset space.

History

The concept essentially originates around (Cartan 23), but the formulation in terms of principal connections and in fact the terminology “Cartan connection” is due to Charles Ehresmann who formulated principal connections as what, in turn, today are called Ehresmann connections (Ehresmann 50).

In (Ehresmann 50) Cartan’s ideas are formalized (see Marle 14, page 9, 10 for review) by saying that an (GH)(G \hookrightarrow H)-Cartan connection is a GG-Ehresmann connection on a GG-principal bundle PP equipped with an HH-principal subbundle QQ, such that the restriction of the connection form along this inclusion yields a form that determines an isomorphism of each tangent space of QQ with 𝔤\mathfrak{g}.

Definition

Traditional

Let GG be a Lie group and HGH \hookrightarrow G a sub-Lie group. (So that we may think of the coset space G/HG/H as a Klein geometry.) Write 𝔥𝔤\mathfrak{h} \hookrightarrow \mathfrak{g} for the corresponding Lie algebras.

There are various equivalent forms of the definition of Cartan connections. The following one characterizes it as a GG-principal connection equipped with extra structure and property.

Definition

A (HG)(H \hookrightarrow G)-Cartan connection over a smooth manifold XX is;

  • a GG-principal connection \nabla on XX;

  • such that

    1. there is a reduction of structure groups along HGH \hookrightarrow G;

    2. for each point xXx \in X the canonical composite (for any local trivialization)

      T xX𝔤𝔤/𝔥 T_x X \stackrel{\nabla}{\to} \mathfrak{g} \to \mathfrak{g}/\mathfrak{h}

      is an isomorphism.

Remark

More explicitly for various component-realizations of principal connections, this means the following:

  1. In terms of Ehresmann connection-data def. says that an (HG)(H\hookrightarrow G)-Cartan connection is an Ehresmann connection form AA on a GG-principal bundle PP together with an HH-principal bundle QQ and an HH-equivariant map i:QPi \colon Q\to P such that i *Ai^\ast A yields an isomorphism TQQ×𝔤T Q \simeq Q\times \mathfrak{g}.

    In this form the definition is due to (Ehresmann 50), recalled in (Marle 14, def. 4). Often this definition is stated by describing i *Ai^\ast A directly without mentioning of AA, e.g. (Sharpe 97, section 5.3, def. 3.1, Cap-Slovák 09, 1.5.1). Beware that AA is a principal connection but i *Ai^\ast A is not.

  2. In terms of Cech cocycle data, def. says that an (HG)(H\hookrightarrow G)-Cartan connection is a cover {U iX}\{U_i \to X\} equipped with 1-forms A iΩ 1(U i,𝔤)A_i \in \Omega^1(U_i, \mathfrak{g}) and with transition functions h ijC (U iU j,H)h_{i j} \in C^\infty(U_i \cap U_j, H) such that

    • h ijh jk=h ikh_{i j} h_{j k} = h_{i k} on U iU jU kU_i \cap U_j \cap U_k;

    • A j=h ij 1(A i+d)h ijA_j = h_{i j}^{-1}(A_i + \mathbf{d})h_{i j} on U iU jU_i \cap U_j;

    • A i() x:T xU i𝔤/𝔥A_i(-)_x \colon T_x U_i \stackrel{\simeq}{\longrightarrow} \mathfrak{g}/\mathfrak{h}.

    In this form, the definition appears in (Sharpe 97, section 5.1 def. 1.3 together with section 5.2, Cap-Slovák 09, 1.5.4).

See also Wikipedia – Cartan connection – As principal connections.

Definition

Given a Cartan connection \nabla, def. , its torsion of a Cartan connection is the image of its curvature under the projection 𝔤𝔤/𝔥\mathfrak{g} \to \mathfrak{g}/\mathfrak{h}.

(Sharpe, section 5.3, below def. 3.1, Cap-Slovák 09, section 1.5.7, p. 85, Lott 01, section 3).

Remark

In the case of vanishing torsion, the resulting flat parallel transport with values in G/HG/H identifies an open neighbourhood of each point of XX with an open neighbourhood in G/HG/H.

Remark

The last clause in def. says that the tangent space of XX at any point xx is being identified with the tangent space of the homogeneous space G/HG/H at the base point eHe H. This may be visualized by imagining that XX “tangentially touches” G/HG/H at xXx\in X and eHG/He H \in G/H.

But by homogeneity, all the tangent spaces of G/HG/H are isomorphic, and canonically so by left translation. Hence by the path-lifting property of principal connections, one may (at least for vanishing torsion, def. ) visualize the Cartan connection as describing how the G/HG/H touching XX at xx “rolls” along paths (infinitesimal paths, vectors) through xx. This picture of “rolling” is particularly vivid for the case that (HG)=(O(n)O(n+1))(H \hookrightarrow G) = (O(n)\hookrightarrow O(n+1)) is the inclusion of orthogonal groups, which gives that G/H=S nG/H = S^n is the n-sphere (for more on this see at conformal connection).

This picture of model spaces rolling along was influential in the historical development of the concept of Cartan geometry in the spirit of Klein geometry.

Synthetically in terms of differential cohesion

We discuss a synthetic formulation of Cartan connections in terms of differential cohesion.

under construction

Write

Proposition

There is a homotopy fiber sequence of smooth groupoids

G/H θ/H Ω 1(,𝔤)//H J BG conn, \array{ G/H &\stackrel{\theta/H}{\longrightarrow}& \Omega^1(-,\mathfrak{g})//H \\ && \downarrow^{\mathrlap{\mathbf{J}}} \\ && \mathbf{B}G_{conn} } \,,

where θ/H\theta/H is the GG-Maurer-Cartan form modulo HH.

Proof

A detailed proof for the statement as given is spelled out at this proposition.

But this statement holds generally in cohesive (∞,1)-toposes and an argument at this generality proceeds as follows: via the discussion at ∞-action the action of GG on Ω 1(,𝔤)\Omega^1(-,\mathfrak{g}) is exhibited by the forgetful map BG connBG\mathbf{B}G_{conn}\to \mathbf{B}G and since the action of HH on Ω 1(,𝔤)\Omega^1(-,\mathfrak{g}) is the restricted action, the square on the right of

G/H θ/H Ω 1(,𝔤)//H BH J * BG conn BG \array{ G/H &\stackrel{\theta/H}{\longrightarrow}& \Omega^1(-,\mathfrak{g})//H &\longrightarrow& \mathbf{B}H \\ \downarrow && \downarrow^{\mathrlap{\mathbf{J}}} && \downarrow \\ \ast &\longrightarrow& \mathbf{B}G_{conn} &\longrightarrow& \mathbf{B}G }

is a homotopy pullback. From this the pasting law implies that in the top left corner we have indeed G/HG/H, this being the homotopy fiber of BHBG\mathbf{B}H \to \mathbf{B}G. Similar considerations show that the top left map is the abstractly defined Maurer-Cartan form.

Example

For GG a semisimple compact Lie group and H=TGH = T\hookrightarrow G a maximal torus, then prop. plays a central role in the stacky formulation of the orbit method. See there at this proposition.

We need this and one more ingredient for synthetically formalizing Cartan connections:

Remark

Let 𝔻 x dX\mathbb{D}^d_x \hookrightarrow X be the first-oder infinitesimal neighbourhood of a point in a manifold XX. This being first order means that every differential p-form for p2p \geq 2 vanishes on 𝔻 d\mathbb{D}^d. In particular therefore every principal connection restricted to 𝔻 d\mathbb{D}^d becomes a flat connection and hence is indeed gauge equivalent to the trivial connection. In particular every map

𝔻 x dΩ 1(,𝔤)//HBG conn \mathbb{D}^d_x \longrightarrow \Omega^1(-,\mathfrak{g})//H \to \mathbf{B}G_{conn}

has a null-homotopy, hence fits into a square of the form

𝔻 x d H Ω 1(,𝔤)//H J * BG conn. \array{ \mathbb{D}^d_x &\stackrel{\nabla_H}{\longrightarrow}& \Omega^1(-,\mathfrak{g})//H \\ \downarrow &\swArrow_{\mathrlap{\simeq}}& \downarrow^{\mathrlap{\mathbf{J}}} \\ \ast &\longrightarrow& \mathbf{B}G_{conn} } \,.

It follows by prop. that H\nabla_H here factors through the Maurer-Cartan form

H| 𝔻 x d:𝔻 x dG/Hθ/HΩ 1(,𝔤)//H. \nabla_H|_{\mathbb{D}^d_x} \;\colon\; \mathbb{D}^d_x \stackrel{}{\longrightarrow} G/H \stackrel{\theta/H}{\longrightarrow} \Omega^1(-,\mathfrak{g})//H \,.

The following is a synthetic formulation of Cartan connections, def. .

Definition

Let XX be a smooth set. Then an (HG)(H \hookrightarrow G)-Cartan connection on XX is

  1. a GG-principal connection

    :XBG conn \nabla \colon X \longrightarrow \mathbf{B}G_{conn}
  2. equipped with a reduction of structure groups given by a lift through J\mathbf{J} in prop.

    Ω 1(,𝔤)//H H J X BG conn \array{ && \Omega^1(-,\mathfrak{g})//H \\ & {}^{\mathllap{\nabla^H}}\nearrow & \downarrow^{\mathrlap{\mathbf{J}}} \\ X &\stackrel{\nabla}{\longrightarrow}& \mathbf{B}G_{conn} }
  3. such that over each first-order infinitesimal neighbourhood 𝔻 x dX\mathbb{D}^d_x \hookrightarrow X any induced factorization, via remark ,

    𝔻 x dG/H \mathbb{D}^d_x \stackrel{}{\longrightarrow} G/H

    is formally étale.

Weaker definitions (pre- and semi-Cartan geometry)

We discuss here some weakining of the above definition of Cartan connection that have their uses.

Pre-Cartan geometry

…(Kuranishi 95)…

Examples

Table of example

geometric contextgauge groupstabilizer subgrouplocal model spacelocal geometryglobal geometrydifferential cohomologyfirst order formulation of gravity
differential geometryLie group/algebraic group GGsubgroup (monomorphism) HGH \hookrightarrow Gquotient (“coset space”) G/HG/HKlein geometryCartan geometryCartan connection
examplesEuclidean group Iso(d)Iso(d)rotation group O(d)O(d)Cartesian space d\mathbb{R}^dEuclidean geometryRiemannian geometryaffine connectionEuclidean gravity
Poincaré group Iso(d1,1)Iso(d-1,1)Lorentz group O(d1,1)O(d-1,1)Minkowski spacetime d1,1\mathbb{R}^{d-1,1}Lorentzian geometrypseudo-Riemannian geometryspin connectionEinstein gravity
anti de Sitter group O(d1,2)O(d-1,2)O(d1,1)O(d-1,1)anti de Sitter spacetime AdS dAdS^dAdS gravity
de Sitter group O(d,1)O(d,1)O(d1,1)O(d-1,1)de Sitter spacetime dS ddS^ddeSitter gravity
linear algebraic groupparabolic subgroup/Borel subgroupflag varietyparabolic geometry
conformal group O(d,t+1)O(d,t+1)conformal parabolic subgroupMöbius space S d,tS^{d,t}conformal geometryconformal connectionconformal gravity
supergeometrysuper Lie group GGsubgroup (monomorphism) HGH \hookrightarrow Gquotient (“coset space”) G/HG/Hsuper Klein geometrysuper Cartan geometryCartan superconnection
examplessuper Poincaré groupspin groupsuper Minkowski spacetime d1,1|N\mathbb{R}^{d-1,1\vert N}Lorentzian supergeometrysupergeometrysuperconnectionsupergravity
super anti de Sitter groupsuper anti de Sitter spacetime
higher differential geometrysmooth 2-group GG2-monomorphism HGH \to Ghomotopy quotient G//HG//HKlein 2-geometryCartan 2-geometry
cohesive ∞-group∞-monomorphism (i.e. any homomorphism) HGH \to Ghomotopy quotient G//HG//H of ∞-actionhigher Klein geometryhigher Cartan geometryhigher Cartan connection
examplesextended super Minkowski spacetimeextended supergeometryhigher supergravity: type II, heterotic, 11d

(pseudo-)Riemannian geometry

Let G=Iso(d,1)G = Iso(d,1) be the Poincare group and HGH \subset G the orthogonal group O(d,1)O(d,1). Then the quotient

𝔦𝔰𝔬(d,1)/𝔰𝔬(d,1) d+1 \mathfrak{iso}(d,1)/\mathfrak{so}(d,1) \simeq \mathbb{R}^{d+1}

is Lorentzian spacetime. Therefore an (O(d,1)Iso(d,1))(O(d,1)\hookrightarrow Iso(d,1))-Cartan connection is equivalently an O(d,1)O(d,1)-connection on a manifold whose tangent spaces look like Minkowski spacetime: this is equivalently a pseudo-Riemannian manifold from the perspective discussed at first-order formulation of gravity:

the d+1\mathbb{R}^{d+1}-valued part of the connection is the vielbein.

GG-Structures

More generally, G-structures equipped with compatible principal connections are given by Cartan connections. (We will speak of “HH-structure” here, since the reduced structure will correspond to the group denoted HH above, while what is denoted GG above will be the semidirect product of HH with the translation group).

Let HGL( n)H \to GL(\mathbb{R}^n) be a Lie group homomorphism, so that reduction of the structure group of the frame bundle of a manifold of dimension nn along this map is an H-structure on the manifold. Then write

G nH G \coloneqq \mathbb{R}^n \rtimes H

for the semidirect product of HH with the translation group n\mathbb{R}^n, given via the induced action of HH on n\mathbb{R}^n via the canonical action of the general linear group GL( n)GL(\mathbb{R}^n).

With this an (HG)=(H nH)(H \hookrightarrow G)= (H \hookrightarrow \mathbb{R}^n \rtimes H)-Cartan connection is equivalently an H-structure equipped with a vielbein field and with an HH-principal connection.

(CapSlovak 09, section 1.3.6 and 1.6.1)

With this identification the torsion of a Cartan connection maps into the torsion of a G-structure.

References

General

The idea originates in Élie Cartan‘s “method of moving frames” (cf. Cartan geometry)L

  • Élie Cartan, Sur les variétés à connexion affine et la théorie de la relativité généralisée (première partie), Annales scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure, Sér. 3 40 (1923) 325-412 [numdam:ASENS_1923_3_40__325_0]

Historical review:

  • Erhard Scholz, E. Cartan’s attempt at bridge-building between Einstein and the Cosserats – or how translational curvature became to be known as “torsion”, The European Physics Journal H 44 (2019) 47-75 [doi:10.1140/epjh/e2018-90059-x]

The formalization in terms of principal connections (in their incarnation as Ehresmann connections) is due to

  • Charles Ehresmann, Les connexions infinitesimales dans un espace fibre diff´erentiable, Colloque de topologie de Bruxelles, 1950, p. 29–55.

reviewed in

see also

Introduction:

Monographs:

Discussion with an eye towards first-order formulation of gravity:

Discussion with an eye towards torsion constraints in supergravity:

  • John Lott, Torsion Constraints in Supergravity, Comm. Math. Phys. 133 (1990) 563-615

  • John Lott, The Geometry of Supergravity Torsion Constraints [arXiv:0108125]

See also

Further discussion of Cartan connections as models for the first order formulation of gravity is in

See also

Cartan structural equations and Bianchi identities

On Cartan structural equations and their Bianchi identities for curvature and torsion of Cartan moving frames and (Cartan-)connections on tangent bundles (especially in first-order formulation of gravity):

The original account:

  • Élie Cartan, Sur les variétés à connexion affine et la théorie de la relativité généralisée (première partie), Annales scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure, Sér. 3, 40 (1923) 325-412 [doi:ASENS_1923_3_40__325_0]

Historical review:

  • Erhard Scholz, §2 in: E. Cartan’s attempt at bridge-building between Einstein and the Cosserats – or how translational curvature became to be known as “torsion”, The European Physics Journal H 44 (2019) 47-75 [doi:10.1140/epjh/e2018-90059-x]

Further discussion:

Generalization to supergeometry (motivated by supergravity):

Last revised on April 10, 2024 at 07:43:20. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.